Ĝommon indications of acute pain – clenching teeth, facial grimacing, holding or guarding the painful part, bent posture Ĝontinuous, severe or deep pain typically involving the visceral organs activates the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) Ěs pain impulses ascend the spinal cord toward the brainstem and thalamus, the stress response stimulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS) – fight or flight OĜlosing the gate is the basis for non-pharmacological pain relief interventions O Pain impulses pass through when a gate is open and are blocked when a gate is closed O Gating mechanisms in the CNS regulate or block pain impulses O Pain has emotional & cognitive components in addition to a physical sensation OĚ protective reflex response occurs w/ pain reception Modulation – involves signals from the brain going back down the spinal cord to modify incoming impulses O The somatosensory cortex identifies the location and intensity of pain, whereas the association cortex (primarily limbic system) determines how a person feels about it O The point at which a person is aware of pain Perception – the conscious awareness of pain O Sending of impulse across a sensory pain nerve fiber (nociceptor) Transmission – involves the conduct of the action potential from the periphery (injury site) to the spinal cord and then to the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex O Once transduction is complete, transmission of pain impulse begins Oěegins in the periphery when a pain-producing stimulus sends an impulse across a sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber (nociceptor), initiating an action potential OĜonverts energy produced by these stimuli into electrical energy Transduction – occurs when there is release of chemical mediators Nociceptive pain originates when the tissue is injured May lead to serious physical, psychological, social and financial consequences Dimensions – psychologic, behavioral, cognitive, affective & social factorsġst level (nociceptor spine): alpha-delta and c-delta fibers go through dorsal root ganglion into the spinal cord 2nd level (spine brain)ģrd level (brain to different parts that are going to interpret that pain responses) Involves physical, emotional, cognitive components Subjective: patient’s experience and self-report is essential sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage” “Whatever the person experiencing pain says it is” NURSE-UN 240 A&E I– FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE WEEK 6,7,8 & 9 Latest updated 2022 NURSE-UN 240 A&E I– FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE WEEK 6 TO 10 Latest updated 2022,100% CORRECT Document Content and Description Below
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